Sanbenito
The Inquisition series includes works on the results of the “restoration” of the garments of the victims of the Inquisition in Spain based on the documentary work I studied by Juan Antonio Llorente, “Critical History of the Spanish Inquisition”, 1817. The work is very relevant for all times and people.
Sanbenito, a cape (nameplate) for the unfortunate, recognized by the Holy Inquisition as heretics. The picture on “sanbenitó” and “karachá” (caps) talked about the punishment that awaits them. The figures of the devils and the flames on the robes, as well as the noose of dark rope around the neck, and the candle of green wax in the hand – meant punishment in the form of burning.
They also burned in Russia[1]. Burnt the “bewitched by a demon”. According to the first chronicle of Novgorod in 1227, four men were burned at the Yaroslavl court in Novgorod. What they were accused of, remains unknown.
As in Western Europe, “heresies” appear periodically in Russia throughout the Middle Ages, but especially spread since the 14th century… . And here the official church, with the full support of secular authority, fought against heretics by all means available to it: executions, sermons, denunciations and sermons. The issue of combating heresy was discussed with the participation of Ivan Kalita in the early 14th century church council in the city of Pereyaslav, at the 1488, 1490,1503 and 1504 Moscow Councils, chaired by Ivan III, then Prince Vasily. According to the “sentences” of the cathedrals, some heretics were burned and others were imprisoned or exiled or subjected to other punishments under a program designed by Joseph Volokim[2]. Burned in specially built wooden rushes. According to the script of the Novgorod lord – Saint Gennadia (1410-1505th) heretics, subjected to civil execution, carried around the city on horses, set in front of the back, in berets and with the inscription on the chest “There is Satanism” and burned caps on their heads, why some have lost their reason.
[1] Sketches of the history of the USSR, the period of feudalism IX-XV century, under the editorial of the academician B.D. Grekov, 1953, t.1, p.179, t.2, pp.312, 314, 361-363.
[2] Bishop of Volokolamsky monastery Josif Volozki (1439-1515), who came from the family of Sanyns, small servants of people of Volokolamsky region. He dedicated to the defense of the Orthodox dogma from “heresy of the Judaizers ” the main essay of his life, called later “Prosanctum”. The Church is revered in the likeness of saints, as indeed is Gennadi. In his treatise he argued that heresy was brought to Novgorod from Lithuania by the Jew Charya, from whom Judaism was first accepted by Novgorodsky and from them by the Moscovites. The heretics allegedly did not recognize the Holy Trinity, rejected the deity of Christ, did not honor the Virgin, did not worship the cross and icons, celebrated Saturday instead of Sunday.